Pre-Columbian+settlements+in+North+America

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=__What peoples and cultures occupied North America before the arrival of Europeans?__ =  Helpful Website: []

The Native Americans (also known as the Indians or the American Indians) are the original inhabitants of the Americas (North, South and Central America including the Caribbean / West Indies Islands; all of which is also called the New World or the Western Hemisphere). Native North Americans were the people that inhabited North America before the arrival of the Europeans in the fifteenth century. The North Americans have been known as Indians for a long time because of their ongoing belief that nature was sacred and that it had to be shared.

There were over 500 tribes in North America. Here is a link to a websites showing the main tribes: []

__** How did these groups spread throughout the continent? **__ It is mainly agreed that North Americans came into the Western Hemisphere from Asia. From Asia they travelled through the Baring Strait or the North Pacific Coast into a sequence of migrations. They crossed a land bridge into Alaska, from there they spread east and south (refer to map below).

Migration Map:

__** What were the main features and characteristics of these groups? **__

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There were various types of American Indian homes - they adapted according to the climate and lifestyle of the particular tribe and their location. Different tribes had different weather to deal with, since the weather was so varied. For example, in the Arizona deserts, temperatures were known to hit 120 degrees Farenheit, and and the Alaskan tundra, -50 was not uncommon.The Native Americans adapted their dwellings in order to survive these harsh climates. Also, the assorted American Indian tribes had different traditional lifestyles. Some tribes were agricultural, which meant they lived in settled villages and farmed fertile land for corn and vegetables. They wanted houses that would last a long time. Other tribes were more nomadic, moving frequently from place to place as they hunted and gathered food and resources. They needed dwellings that were portable and/or easy to build. =====



__** RELIGION/SPIRITUAL BELIEFS :**__ Many followers of Native American spirituality do not regard their spiritual beliefs and practices as a "religion" in the way which many Christians do. Their beliefs and practices form an integral part of their being. Each tribe worshipped their own gods. In spite of all these differences, all of these faiths did have some things in common. All of them were polytheistic (they worshipped many gods), and all of them thought of some of their gods as being representatives of natural things like rain, the sky or the earth. In these ways, these religions were like Chinese religion, Hinduism, African traditional religion, Greek or Roman religion.

They believed in: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- the existence of spirit power in everything, which referred to by some Native Americans as wakan <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- the unity between the human world, nature, and the spirit world <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- the view of nature as the place where humans and spirits interact <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- an emphasis on living in balance and harmony with nature and with the spirit world <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- an interdependence of life forms <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- an emphasis on society, communal harmony, kinship, and cooperation <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- the sacredness and spiritual significance of nature and the earth; particularly objects in nature such as mountains, rivers, rocks, stars, and plants; as well as many animals, such as eagles, hawks, crow, owls, and deer. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- the view of everything in its physical sense, its subtle sense, and its spiritual sense <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- an emphasis on self-discipline, and performing various tests of physical ordeals <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- purification practices, fasting, and vision-seeking <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- an emphasis on warrior culture <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- rituals, stories, dancing, art, chants, and music (mainly singing & drumming), <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- shamans <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- symbols such as the circle and the number four <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- the existence of a Great Power or Great Mystery, and various other gods <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- an emphasis on health

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Native Indian Wisdom Quotes Youtube Video: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">media type="youtube" key="HUA-yx9V6Hw" width="425" height="350" <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">__** Death and Burial: **__ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Because they lived so close to nature, all Native American peoples from the Stone Age to the modern era knew that death from hunger, disease, or enemies was never far away. The various death customs and beliefs, which first evolved during the invasions of Asians from Siberia to Alaska across a land bridge during the last Ice Age at least 12,000 years ago, gave them the means to cope with that experience. Individual tribes maintained their own death customs and adapted them to their regional environments into which they migrated, although such rituals and beliefs could pass from one group to the other through trade and intermarriage. Most Native American tribes believed that the souls of the dead passed into a spirit world and became part of the spiritual forces that influenced every aspect of their lives. Many tribes believed in two souls: one that died when the body died and one that might wander on and eventually die.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">__** CLOTHING AND REGALIA :**__ <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Originally, there were many different traditional clothing styles in North America. Nearly every Native American tribe had its own distinctive style of dress, and the people could often tell each other's tribal identities by looking at their clothes, headdresses, and ornamentation. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">In most tribes, Native American men wore breechclouts or breechcloths (a long rectangular piece of hide or cloth tucked over a belt, so that the flaps fell down in front and behind), sometimes with leather leggings attached in colder climates.

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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Most Native American women wore skirts and leggings, though the length, design, and material of the skirts differed from tribe to tribe. In some Indian cultures women's shirts were optional and were usually treated more like coats, while in others, women always wore tunics or mantles in public. And in other tribes women usually wore one-piece dresses instead, like this Cheyenne buckskin dress. Nearly all Native Americans had some form of moccasin (a sturdy leather shoe) or mukluk (heavier boot), with the styles of footwear differing from tribe to tribe (as you can see from these mocasin pictures). Most tribes used cloaks in colder weather, but some of the northern tribes wore Inuit-style fur parkas instead.

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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">__** How did these groups interact with each other? **__

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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Native Americans were in a near constant state of warfare with one another. Many tribes disappeared even before Columbus arrived in America, as a result of tribal conflict. Basically as cultures of nomadic hunter gatherers they were in constant competition over hunting grounds, with the stronger tribes exercising their control over the more fertile areas. Not only did these tribes compete for food but also it became common practice to raid one another for women and slaves. Inbreeding in many tribes was a severe problem and child mortality rates were extremely high. When Lewis and Clark explored North America, many of the tribes welcomed the alliance with the "Americans" for the purpose of weapons to get revenge on the various tribes that had harassed them in the past. =====

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<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">BIBLIOGRAPHY:
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 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[] || 18 April 2011 || Native American Facts for Kids || 2011 || Native American Houses ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[] || 18 April 2011 || Native American Facts for Kids || 2011 || Native American Clothing and Regalia ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[] || 18 April 2011 || Encylopedia of Death and Dying || 2011 || Native American Religion ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[] || 18 April 2011 || The Minneapolis Institute of Arts || 2004-2011 || Shared Beadwork Styles ||

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